A lit tree, piles of wrapped
packages, smells of baking, perhaps a fire in the fireplace, a family gathered.
These are all images most of us
associate with the Christmas holiday in America 2018. They are domestic or in-gathered images of
purchased and stockpiled happiness.
Christmas in consumer-land, wonderful in its way. But oh how different from the primary images
(poverty, night, cold) and the governing metaphor (a journey) found in both the
religious and secular literary texts associated with Christmas. For instance, when we read T.S. Eliot’s “The
Journey of the Magi,” right from the start our romantic or pious ideas of the
wise men’s journey are shattered. It is
the “dead of winter,” “the worst time of year to make a journey.” The whole way these magi heard voices
“singing in our ears, saying / That this was all folly.” When the group of astrologers from the East
finally reached their destination, the narrator sounds underwhelmed: the place was “satisfactory.” Yet, he claims he would do it again. There was something compelling, something
world-changing about the experience.
What was it? See what you think.
A cold coming we had
of it,
Just the worst time of the year
For a journey, and such a long journey:
The ways deep and the weather sharp,
The very dead of winter.'
And the camels galled, sorefooted, refractory,
Lying down in the melting snow.
There were times we regretted
The summer palaces on slopes, the terraces,
And the silken girls bringing sherbet.
Then the camel men cursing and grumbling
and running away, and wanting their liquor and women,
And the night-fires going out, and the lack of shelters,
And the cities hostile and the towns unfriendly
And the villages dirty and charging high prices:
A hard time we had of it.
At the end we preferred to travel all night,
Sleeping in snatches,
With the voices singing in our ears, saying
That this was all folly.
Then at dawn we came down to a temperate valley,
Wet, below the snow line, smelling of vegetation;
With a running stream and a water-mill beating the darkness,
And three trees on the low sky,
And an old white horse galloped away in the meadow.
Then we came to a tavern with vine-leaves over the lintel,
Six hands at an open door dicing for pieces of silver,
And feet kicking the empty wine-skins.
But there was no information, and so we continued
And arriving at evening, not a moment too soon
Finding the place; it was (you might say) satisfactory.
All this was a long time ago, I remember,
And I would do it again, but set down
This set down
This: were we led all that way for
Birth or Death? There was a Birth, certainly
We had evidence and no doubt. I had seen birth and death,
But had thought they were different; this Birth was
Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death.
We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,
But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,
With an alien people clutching their gods.
I should be glad of another death.
Just the worst time of the year
For a journey, and such a long journey:
The ways deep and the weather sharp,
The very dead of winter.'
And the camels galled, sorefooted, refractory,
Lying down in the melting snow.
There were times we regretted
The summer palaces on slopes, the terraces,
And the silken girls bringing sherbet.
Then the camel men cursing and grumbling
and running away, and wanting their liquor and women,
And the night-fires going out, and the lack of shelters,
And the cities hostile and the towns unfriendly
And the villages dirty and charging high prices:
A hard time we had of it.
At the end we preferred to travel all night,
Sleeping in snatches,
With the voices singing in our ears, saying
That this was all folly.
Then at dawn we came down to a temperate valley,
Wet, below the snow line, smelling of vegetation;
With a running stream and a water-mill beating the darkness,
And three trees on the low sky,
And an old white horse galloped away in the meadow.
Then we came to a tavern with vine-leaves over the lintel,
Six hands at an open door dicing for pieces of silver,
And feet kicking the empty wine-skins.
But there was no information, and so we continued
And arriving at evening, not a moment too soon
Finding the place; it was (you might say) satisfactory.
All this was a long time ago, I remember,
And I would do it again, but set down
This set down
This: were we led all that way for
Birth or Death? There was a Birth, certainly
We had evidence and no doubt. I had seen birth and death,
But had thought they were different; this Birth was
Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death.
We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,
But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,
With an alien people clutching their gods.
I should be glad of another death.
It’s
curious, isn’t it, that the magus narrator doesn’t mention the star they
followed and says nothing concrete about the baby or the birth? He doesn’t try to describe the nativity scene
that many of us set up under our trees. The
consequential event was an internal change, a personal rebirth. The man is old when he recollects the birth
of Jesus. How far has he travelled in
time from the stable? We don’t
know: it is after the wise men returned
to their “places”— “these Kingdoms,” where they felt like aliens. It might even be after the baby, born in a
stall, suffered crucifixion (“three trees on a low sky”). What’s impressive about the poem is that the
Magus is moved, changed forever but doesn’t understand intellectually the
meaning of the miracle: “were we led all that way for / Birth or Death?” There was a birth “certainly,” but the birth
was also his own, and it was inextricably bound up with “death,” understood (I
think) metaphorically as death of an old self that is necessary to become something
new. The journey is both death and birth.
Difficult to find a non-iconic representation of the wise men. |
In many Christian denominations, we
have four weeks of preparation for Christmas, and this preparation time is
called Advent. It is a time when we are
supposed to be preparing our hearts because the Christ, God’s Word made flesh,
needs to be born there again and again—not in a stable, not two-thousand years
ago. Our journey to death and birth
never ends. If we take away one thing
from the T.S. Eliot poem, I think it’s that the Magus should not have gone back
to his old place. Instead, he should
have continued the journey, which seems to be what he longs to do. “I would do it again,” “I should be glad of
another death.” Because it is only
through the mini-deaths of old ways and alien dispensations that we become new
or, to use the metaphor, are reborn.
Interestingly, the liturgical readings during this last week of Advent
have been full of journeys, in which Mary, the mother of Jesus, is presented as
a traveler. She “set out and traveled to
the hill country in haste to a town of Judah” to her cousin Elizabeth’s house,
having heard that Elizabeth was “with child.”
She journeys to Bethlehem on a donkey while very pregnant, and, upon
arrival, she and Joseph cannot find decent accommodations. “The journey” is a classical narrative trope,
a metaphor for movement out of an old place or state into a new country and way
of life. Most of us have an easy time
grasping that metaphor because we feel its relevance in our own experience, and
T.S. Eliot writes his poem in the homely way he does to help us connect our own
cold comings with those of three iconic holy fools.
American poet, Robert Frost, claims
that poetry educates us in the use of metaphor—saying one thing in terms of
another; and he points out that even our regular speech is full of
metaphor. “People say ‘Why don’t you say
what you mean /’ We never do that, do we, being all of us too much poets. We like to talk in parables and in hints and
in indirections—whether from diffidence or some other instinct.” Frost illustrates his point with the metaphor
of evolution. The metaphor is simply
that of a growing plant or of the growing thing. “And somebody very brilliantly,” writes
Frost, “said that the whole universe, the whole of everything, was like unto a
growing thing. That is all.” People need to be “at home in the
metaphor,” writes Frost in “Education by Poetry,” because they can teach us to
apprehend and live at ease with figurative values. “At home” with metaphor. The word “metaphor” combines the Greek words
“meta” (between) and “phero” (to carry), and it generally means to transfer
between, as in transferring characteristics of one thing to another. To be at home with such a figure is to dwell
provisionally in a home we are constantly extending and expanding through our
own imaginative activity.
In recent conversations with my
elderly mother, who suffers from dementia, I’ve noticed that when I am able to
shift the talk out of a literal register and into a metaphorical one, she is
more peaceful. Mom was transferred to a
nursing home for rehab after a bout with pneumonia that immobilized her. She’s regained quite a bit of mobility and
wants out, wants to go home. The trouble
is, she can’t go to her actual house at 22 Sylvan Avenue. Her was a hoarder, and the house is not safe for
her. In addition, the cost for
round-the-clock care at home is just too high.
“Mary Jo, I need someone to rescue me.
They are holding me against my will.
Maybe you can call the South Glens Falls Police.” When I ask her where she wants to go, she
says HOME—without any hesitation. And I
have to say, “But 22 Sylvan is no long possible, Mom.” Then, she says she wants to go to the place
she was before, which was an assisted living facility where she had slightly more
freedom. I understand her impulse. She wants to go back to her place. Though other people interpret such a request
as a sign of dementia, it makes perfect sense to me. She wants to return to a past time before the
hip injury when she could drive and play golf and do Christmas. She wants to return to her place, and she
doesn’t quite grasp that she is on a new kind of journey. At Thanksgiving, I brought her a book, written
by the late Billy Graham when he was 93.
The title of the book is Nearing
Home. I was hoping that maybe, just
maybe, Mom could begin to think about home in a less literal way. Home is any place where she is loved, where
she is welcomed, where the lame shall walk and tears shall be wiped away.
I’ve noticed the way metaphor
comforts and challenges my adolescent daughter as well as my elderly
mother. My husband and I adopted Katya,
who insists on being called Kat, from Kazakhstan when she was nine months
old. She has been volunteering at the
Genesee County Humane Society for the past five months. I encouraged her to do this, thinking the
responsibility would be good for her and pave the way for jobs to come. But I didn’t anticipate how good it would be
for her mental health. Like so many
adolescents these days, Kat suffers from anxiety and depression and jokes that
working with the animals is “better than therapy.” What I didn’t anticipate is the way the work
seems to be salving whatever unspoken hurt exists for her about her original
loss. She uses the word, “adoption”
frequently—even when another word or phrase would do, and adoption is now a
very positive event. Even when she’s developed
a love for a Lilly or Chance or Vader (cat, dog, guinea pig), she is happy when
she reports that they “got adopted.”
Getting to be the person who “socializes” and facilitates the transition
from “orphanage” to “forever home” for these fur-babies has helped Kat gain a
sense of control over her own journey from a baby-house in Uralsk to a family’s
home in Flint, Michigan. She, too, has
her own journey to make, and the deep metaphorical resonances of her job at the
shelter seem to be helping her negotiate this time when she anticipates leaving
home for college.
“How can it be true?
This world grows so old now, how can it be new?” The answer provided in this Advent church
song is, predictably, “Emmanuel” (a name that means God with us). But in order to experience the new, to feel
rebirth at Christmas, we must hasten—and not just toward the mall. Mary set out in haste to visit her pregnant
cousin. The unnamed Beloved in the biblical
Song of Songs (an erotic poem also
read during Advent) is compared to a “gazelle,” and he “comes / Springing
across the mountains, / leaping across the hills.” It’s not too late to make the journey the
wise men made—and remember, they felt like fools. Traditionally, Christmas is twelve days. The magi don’t “arrive” until “little
Christmas,” which is also known as the feast of Epiphany, celebrated on January
6th. “Epiphany” is a literary
term as well which means “realization” or a “feeling of knowledge” or, as
Robert Frost would say, “enthusiasm tamed by metaphor.” There is time to look, to remember, to dwell,
to visit, to feel, to have an epiphany. But
to have one, we must get moving: “Arise, my beloved, my dove, my beautiful one,
/ and come!”